| Node |
Taxon |
Putative
synapomorphies |
| 1 |
Pholcidae |
- Entire male palp modified
(including proximal segments) (Huber 2000) - Prominent paracymbium ('procursus') (Huber 2000) - Male chelicerae sexually modified (Huber 2000) - Clypeus about as high as chelicerae long (Huber 2000) - Epigynum (not homologous to epigynum of Entelegynae) (Huber 2000) - Only three trichobothria on walking leg tibiae (Huber 2000) - Tarsal pseudosegments (Huber 2000) - Arrangement of eyes (two triads separate from the anterior median eyes) (Huber 2000) - ?Tarsus 4 comb hairs (Huber & Fleckenstein 2008) - Egg sacs carried by females with their chelicerae - ?Molecular data (Bruvu-Madaric et al. 2005; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 1a | NN (all pholcids except Ninetinae) | - ?Wide sternum - ?Long legs (tibia 1 >2.5 x carapace width) and possibly correlated characters (retrolateral trichobothrium very proximal, many pseudosegments) (Huber 2000) - ?Molecular data (12S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005) |
| 1b | NN (Arteminae + Modisiminae) | - Molecular data (12S+CO1+16S+28S: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 28S: Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 1c | NN (Smeringopinae + Pholcinae) | - - Molecular data (12S+CO1+16S+28S: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; CO1, 16S, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 2 |
Ninetinae |
- 'Ninetine tarsal organ' (small
size, narrow orifice <35% of diameter) (Huber 2000) - ?Short walking legs (tibia 1 <2.5x carapace width) and possibly correlated characters (retrolateral trichobothrium very distal, few pseudosegments) (Huber 2000) - Compact ocular area with the anterior median eyes in a very high position (Huber 2011) - ?Molecular data (Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 2a | NN (Nerudia + Ninetis + Kambiwa) | - Bulb with long spine-like projection (Huber 2000) |
| 2b | NN (Galapa + Guaranita) | - Large dorsal flap on the procursus (Huber 2000) |
| 2c |
NN
(Gertschiola
+ Ibotyporanga) |
- Long procursus with characteristic proximal course (Huber 2000) |
| 2d |
NN (Tolteca + Pholcophora + Papiamenta) | - Simplified procursus (Huber 2000) |
| 3 | Arteminae | - Procursus
with dorsal apophysis and corresponding ventral pocket (Huber 2001) - Molecular data (CO1, 16S, 28S: Bruvo-Madarić et al. 2005; Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 3a |
NN (all Arteminae except Artema) | - Reduced
epiandrous spigots (Huber 2000) |
| 3b |
NN
(Aucana, Nita, Chisosa, Wugigarra,
Tibetia, Holocneminus) |
- Exposed tarsal organ (Huber
2000; Huber 2001; Huber & El Hennawy 2007; unpublished) |
| 4 | Modisiminae | - Exposed
tarsal organ (Huber 2000) - Reduction of epiandrous spigots (Huber 2000) - Large distance between ALE and PME (Huber 2000) - Molecular data (28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 16S+CO1, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007) |
| 4a |
NN (Modisiminae except Priscula) | - Reduced
ALS piriform spigots (Huber 2000, 2001) - Male palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis (Huber 2000) - Molecular data (28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 16S+CO1, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007) |
| 4b |
NN (Modisimus and potential close relatives) | - Male palpal femur with pointed and upward projecting apophysis (Huber 1998, 2000) |
| 4c |
NN | - Male
femora and/or tibiae with vertical hairs in high density (Huber 2000) |
| 4d |
NN (Modisimus + Platnicknia) |
- Molecular data (unpublished) |
| 4e |
NN (Aymaria + Ixchela) | - ?Similar habitus (Huber 2000) |
| 4f |
NN
(Coryssocnemis
and potential close
relatives) |
- Male
femur with bulge or apophysis directed towards proximal (or
away from the
femur at a right angle) (Huber 2000) - ?Molecular data (28S, 12S: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; CO1, 16S, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007) |
| 4g |
NN (Carapoia + Mesabolivar) | - ?Molecular data (CO1, 16S, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007) |
| 4h |
NN (Canaima + Blancoa) | - ?Similar habitus (Huber 2000) |
| 5 | Smeringopinae | - ?Thoracic
pit (Huber 2000; Huber 2012) - Abdominal ventral pattern (three parallel dark lines (Huber 2012) - Molecular data (12S, CO1, 16S, 28S: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 28S: Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) - ?Silk puffs in webs (not obligatory) (Huber 2011; Huber 2012) |
| 5a |
NN (Smeringopinae except Smeringopus and Smeringopina) | - Reduced
ALS piriform spigots (Huber 2012) - Reduced prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 (Huber 2012) |
| 5b |
NN (Stygopholcus + Hoplopholcus) |
- Male cheliceral apophyses: two
or more modified hairs each (Huber 2012) |
| 5c |
NN
(Holocnemus + Crossopriza) |
- Spotted
legs (Huber 2012) - ?Molecular data (28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005) |
| 5d |
NN
(Subsahara Smeringopinae: Smeringopus
+ Smeringopina) |
- Two epiandrous spigots (Huber
2012, 2013) - Reduced cheliceral stridulation (Huber 2012) - Molecular data (Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 6 | Pholcinae | - Male
lateral (proximal) cheliceral apophyses (Huber 1995, 2000) - - ?Molecular data (12S, 28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 16S+CO1, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 6a |
NN (Zatavua + Nyikoa) | - Male
palpal tarsus joints shifted to prolateral side (Huber 2007) - ? Molecular data (Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 6b |
NN (Pholcinae except Zatavua and Nyikoa) | -
Male palpal trochanter with retrolateral apophysis - ?Molecular data (12S, 28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 16S+CO1, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007) |
| 6c |
NN (Spermophora and close relatives) | - ?Genital bulb attached dorsally to cymbium |
| 6d |
NN
(Buitinga and close relatives) |
- Reduced ALS piriform spigots (Huber 2003a, b, 2005) |
| 6e |
NN (Buitinga + Spermophora Africa part) |
- Molecular data (Dimitrov et
al. 2013) |
| 6f |
NN (Quamtana and Pholcus plus close relatives) | - Genital
bulb with strong proximal apophysis - ?Molecular data (28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 6g |
NN (Pholcus and close relatives) | -
Simplified tarsus 4 comb hairs (single row of tines) (Huber &
Fleckenstein 2008) - Knob-like structure on epigynum (Huber 2011) - ?Molecular data (28S, total evidence: Bruvo-Madaric et al. 2005; 16S+CO1, 28S: Astrin et al. 2007; Dimitrov et al. 2013) |
| 6h |
NN
(Pholcus and close relatives
except Sihala) |
- Procursus with ventral
projection ("knee") (Huber 2011) - Genital bulb with additional apophysis (uncus) (Huber 2011) |
| 6i |
NN (Micropholcus + Pehrforsskalia + Leptopholcus + Micromerys) | -
Molecular data (Dimitrov et al. 2013; Huber et al. in press) |
| 6j | NN (Pehrforsskalia + Leptopholcus + Micromerys) | -
Male chelicerae with lateral apophyses very distally, no frontal
apophyses (Huber 2011) - Reduced epigynal knob (Huber 2011) |
| 6k |
NN (Leptopholcus + Micromerys) | - Tip
of male palpal trochanter apophysis with characteristic ridges (Huber
2011) - Procursus ventral "knee" with transparent process (Huber 2011) - Reduced ALS piriform spigots (Huber 2001, 2011) |